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Real-Time
Motivation and Introduction
This page and its
subsequent linked pages (see the Outline in the right-hand
column) discuss the fundamental
concepts and terms of "real-time" computing from my point of
view.
The motivation for this discussion is to improve the precision and completeness
of discourse in both the practitioner and researcher
communities, especially with regard to general (i.e., soft)
real-time. That will help elevate the practice of real-time
computing from an ad hoc craft to a engineering and
scientific discipline, which in turn will result in better
and more cost-effective real-time systems.
"It is very annoying to see men, who
claim to be the peers of anyone in a certain field, take for
granted conclusions which later are quickly and clearly
shown to be false."
--Galileo Galilei
Discourses and Mathematical Demonstrations Relating
to Two New Sciences
A summary of my motivation for this manifesto is as follows.
 | Traditional real-time
concepts and techniques are focused primarily on the niche
of relatively simple, static, centralized, device-level,
autonomic monitoring and control subsystems. But, contrary
to popular misconception, many of the most important and
technically challenging real-time computing
systems are outside this niche. The instances
of particular interest to me are in the field of
military warfare systems (e.g., combat and surveillance
platforms, and
DoD Network Centric Warfare), but prominent civilian fields
(e.g., civilian air traffic management and telecommunications)
have somewhat similar dynamic time-critical needs.
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| Even in the classical real-time niche, all of the
most fundamental concepts are misunderstood, over-simplified, ill-defined, and
contradictory.
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| Practitioners (users, vendors) often take recourse in
Justice Potter Stewart's statement about pornography
–
"I can't define it ("hard," "soft," "predictable," "real-time," etc.) but I
know it when I see it." This makes the practice of real-time computing
most commonly be a craft (or worse
–
ad
hoc tinkering and tuning) instead of science and engineering (like alchemy vs.
chemistry). Imagine if electrical engineers had correspondingly vague
perceptions and disagreements about their most fundamental concepts, like
voltage, current, resistance, etc.
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| The real-time research
community historically has been of only very limited assistance with this
problem. They have consensus on a precise technical
(and correct) definition of "hard real-time," but
left "soft real-time" to be tautologically
defined as "not hard"
–
that is
accurate and precise, but no more useful than dichotomizing
all colors into "black" and "not black."
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| In the
technically accurate sense used by researchers, hard
real-time is an even smaller niche than the traditional
real-time niche. There are two reasons for their narrow
focus.
| First, theory for hard real-time computing is
drastically easier than theory for soft real-time
computing (I have long observed that "Hard real-time is
hard, but soft real-time is harder") - e.g., compare
deterministic scheduling theory with stochastic
scheduling theory. |
| Second, real-time is unique in
computer science with respect to its paucity of opportunities for researchers to be
realistic experimental users of
their own work. Researchers in all other
aspects of computer science can apply their research
results realistically in their own labs. But real-time
researchers rarely have access to non-trivial real-time
systems for industrial automation, defense, telecom,
etc. Electric model railroads and such do not enable
someone to perceive and appreciate what the important
problems are in enterprises at all levels "from sensor to Commander" in the DoD domain.
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| Consequently,
traditional concepts and techniques, and traditional real-time theories, limit
the kinds and capabilities of real-time systems that can be built, and
raise the costs of many of those non-trivial ones that are built. They
do not scale up to the general case of larger, more complex, more dynamic,
more adaptive, more
distributed, higher level, higher order control, real-time computing systems.
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| Overcoming these
limitations requires a new, more general and
expressive, real-time paradigm
–
one which
applies equally well to the whole continuum of
real-time or more generally time-critical
systems (analogous to all the colors which are
"not black" as well as to "black"). Such a
paradigm must provide precise concepts and
definitions for such terms as "hard," "soft,"
"predictable," "deterministic," and of course
"real-time." Despite the fundamental
role that "predictability" plays in real-time computing,
nowhere in the real-time research literature (not to
mention the practitioner documents) is it defined (much
less defined formally or even precisely).
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| The manifesto on
this site offers an empirically successful
contribution to that end. I was one of
the very first people in the real-time computing field to recognize and
respond to this problem
–
I
began in the early 1970's to perform both
experimental research on, and transition of
resulting technologies to, large complex
distributed real-time computer systems for
defense (see About Me)
and then industrial automation. Only in the past several
years have significant numbers of other real-time
researchers begun to expand their horizons beyond static
low-level real-time (for example, rate monotonic analysis)
–
thanks to the appearance of DARPA funding encouraging
this expansion (e.g., the
Quorum program). |
Next is a brief self-contained overview of
my formulation of the most fundamental
concepts and terms in real-time computing.
This formulation has been demonstrated to greatly facilitate
the cost-effective construction of real-time computing
systems that are far more complex (e.g., dynamic, adaptive,
distributed) than can be constructed using traditional
ill-defined real-time concepts.
Then, the material is covered in more detail
– in
particular, exploiting the expressiveness and generality of the
time/utility function (ne'e time/value function)
framework.
Next: Real-Time Overview
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11/06/2011
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